https://desbulletins.westchestergov.com/desbulletins/0715110FB5B84BE297939183C9087441.pdf
few rural FDs do first response - maybe because ems has their own
first responders
$475 average reimbursement for trips
emd via 911 is not high quality always
AMR provides all mutual aid ambulances - as of 2025 ish
from page 29 of 97 - good info
It is important to understand the origin of historic response time
requirements and how to approach discussions about them. A sensitivity
to response times has long been a primary driver of EMS system design
and resourcing. The prevailing result is an institutional belief that
faster is better, where patient outcomes are positively correlated
with response times. A 1979 study out of King County, Washington,
became a foundational piece for the development of the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) 171014 and the Commission on Fire
Accreditation International (CFAI) Accreditation Standards. The study
concluded that BLS delivered in 4 minutes and ALS delivered within 8
minutes was positively correlated with patient outcomes.15 Thus, this
set the bar for the standards still influencing system design today.
However, the King County study only focused on non-traumatic sudden
cardiac arrest (SCA), yet its standards were extrapolated to all call
types. Data reveals that responses to life threatening calls are a
smaller percentage of calls than the non-life-threatening calls.
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